Lectern

Anti-Pelagian Writings

Augustine of Hippo, Philip Schaff (ed.)

Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 1, vol. 5Grand Rapids, MI, Christian Classics Ethereal Library18871,575 pages

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@book{hippo1887,
  title = {Anti-Pelagian Writings},
  author = {Augustine of Hippo and Philip Schaff},
  publisher = {Grand Rapids, MI, Christian Classics Ethereal Library},
  year = {1887},
  url = {https://lectern.restorationcommons.org/d/npnf1/05-anti-pelagian-writings}
}

Contents

  1. Title Page.p. 51
  2. Credits.p. 52
  3. Contentsp. 53
  4. Preface to the American Edition.p. 56
  5. Introductory Essay on Augustin and the Pelagian Controversy.p. 58
    1. A Select Bibliography of the Pelagian Controversy.p. 59
    2. Introductory Essay on Augustin and the Pelagian Controversy.p. 61
      1. The Origin and Nature of Pelagianism.p. 62
      2. The External History of the Pelagian Controversy.p. 69
      3. Augustin’s Part in the Controversy.p. 75
      4. The Theology of Grace.p. 139
  6. Dedication of Volume I. Of the Edinburgh Edition.p. 148
  7. Dedication of Volume II. Of the Edinburgh Edition.p. 149
  8. Preface to Volume I. Of the Edinburgh Edition.p. 150
  9. Preface to Volume II. Of the Edinburgh Edition.p. 160
  10. A Treatise on the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins, and on the Baptism of Infants.p. 164
    1. Title Page.p. 164
    2. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations.p. 165
    3. Book Ip. 166
      1. Introductory, in the Shape of an Inscription to His Friend Marcellinus.p. 167
      2. If Adam Had Not Sinned, He Would Never Have Died.p. 168
      3. It is One Thing to Be Mortal, Another Thing to Be Subject to Death.p. 169
      4. Even Bodily Death is from Sin.p. 170
      5. The Words, Mortale (Capable of Dying), Mortuum (Dead), and Moriturus (Destined to Die).p. 171
      6. How It is that the Body Dead Because of Sin.p. 172
      7. The Life of the Body the Object of Hope, the Life of the Spirit Being a Prelude to It.p. 174
      8. Bodily Death from Adam’s Sin.p. 175
      9. Sin Passes on to All Men by Natural Descent, and Not Merely by Imitation.p. 176
      10. The Analogy of Grace.p. 177
      11. Distinction Between Actual and Original Sin.p. 178
      12. The Law Could Not Take Away Sin.p. 179
      13. Meaning of the Apostle’s Phrase 'The Reign of Death.'p. 180
      14. Superabundance of Grace.p. 181
      15. The One Sin Common to All Men.p. 182
      16. How Death is by One and Life by One.p. 183
      17. Whom Sinners Imitate.p. 184
      18. Only Christ Justifies.p. 185
      19. Sin is from Natural Descent, as Righteousness is from Regeneration; How ‘All’ Are Sinners Through Adam, and ‘All’ Are Just Through Christ.p. 186
      20. Original Sin Alone is Contracted by Natural Birth.p. 188
      21. Unbaptized Infants Damned, But Most Lightly; The Penalty of Adam’s Sin, the Grace of His Body Lost.p. 189
      22. To Infants Personal Sin is Not to Be Attributed.p. 190
      23. He Refutes Those Who Allege that Infants are Baptized Not for the Remission of Sins, But for the Obtaining of the Kingdom of Heaven.p. 191
      24. Infants Saved as Sinners.p. 192
      25. Infants are Described as Believers and as Penitents. Sins Alone Separate Between God and Men.p. 193
      26. No One, Except He Be Baptized, Rightly Comes to the Table of the Lord.p. 194
      27. Infants Must Feed on Christ.p. 195
      28. Baptized Infants, of the Faithful; Unbaptized, of the Lost.p. 196
      29. It is an Inscrutable Mystery Why Some are Saved, and Others Not.p. 197
      30. Why One is Baptized and Another Not, Not Otherwise Inscrutable.p. 198
      31. He Refutes Those Who Suppose that Souls, on Account of Sins Committed in Another State, are Thrust into Bodies Suited to Their Merits, in Which They are More or Less Tormented.p. 199
      32. The Case of Certain Idiots and Simpletons.p. 201
      33. Christ is the Saviour and Redeemer Even of Infants.p. 203
      34. Baptism is Called Salvation, and the Eucharist, Life, by the Christians of Carthage.p. 204
      35. Unless Infants are Baptized, They Remain in Darkness.p. 206
      36. Infants Not Enlightened as Soon as They are Born.p. 207
      37. How God Enlightens Every Person.p. 208
      38. What ‘Lighteth’ Means.p. 209
      39. The Conclusion Drawn, that All are Involved in Original Sin.p. 211
      40. A Collection of Scripture Testimonies. From the Gospels.p. 212
      41. From the First Epistle of Peter.p. 213
      42. From the First Epistle of John.p. 214
      43. From the Epistle to the Romans.p. 215
      44. From the Epistles to the Corinthians.p. 217
      45. From the Epistle to the Galatians.p. 218
      46. From the Epistle to the Ephesians.p. 219
      47. From the Epistle to the Colossians.p. 220
      48. From the Epistles to Timothy.p. 221
      49. From the Epistle to Titus.p. 222
      50. From the Epistle to the Hebrews.p. 223
      51. From the Apocalypse.p. 225
      52. From the Acts of the Apostles.p. 226
      53. The Utility of the Books of the Old Testament.p. 227
      54. By the Sacrifices of the Old Testament, Men Were Convinced of Sins and Led to the Saviour.p. 228
      55. He Concludes that All Men Need the Death of Christ, that They May Be Saved. Unbaptized Infants Will Be Involved in the Condemnation of the Devil. How All Men Through Adam are Unto Condemnation; And Through Christ Unto Justification. No One is Reconciled with God, Except Through Christ.p. 230
      56. No One is Reconciled to God Except Through Christ.p. 232
      57. The Good of Marriage; Four Different Cases of the Good and the Evil Use of Matrimony.p. 233
      58. In What Respect the Pelagians Regarded Baptism as Necessary for Infants.p. 234
      59. The Context of Their Chief Text.p. 235
      60. Christ, the Head and the Body; Owing to the Union of the Natures in the Person of Christ, He Both Remained in Heaven, and Walked About on Earth; How the One Christ Could Ascend to Heaven; The Head, and the Body, the One Christ.p. 236
      61. The Serpent Lifted Up in the Wilderness Prefigured Christ Suspended on the Cross; Even Infants Themselves Poisoned by the Serpent’s Bite.p. 238
      62. No One Can Be Reconciled to God, Except by Christ.p. 239
      63. The Form, or Rite, of Baptism. Exorcism.p. 240
      64. A Twofold Mistake Respecting Infants.p. 241
      65. In Infants There is No Sin of Their Own Commission.p. 242
      66. Infants’ Faults Spring from Their Sheer Ignorance.p. 243
      67. On the Ignorance of Infants, and Whence It Arises.p. 244
      68. If Adam Was Not Created of Such a Character as that in Which We are Born, How is It that Christ, Although Free from Sin, Was Born an Infant and in Weakness?p. 245
      69. The Ignorance and the Infirmity of an Infant.p. 246
      70. How Far Sin is Done Away in Infants by Baptism, Also in Adults, and What Advantage Results Therefrom.p. 247
    4. Book IIp. 248
      1. What Has Thus Far Been Dwelt On; And What is to Be Treated in This Book.p. 249
      2. Some Persons Attribute Too Much to the Freedom of Man’s Will; Ignorance and Infirmity.p. 250
      3. In What Way God Commands Nothing Impossible. Works of Mercy, Means of Wiping Out Sins.p. 251
      4. Concupiscence, How Far in Us; The Baptized are Not Injured by Concupiscence, But Only by Consent Therewith.p. 252
      5. The Will of Man Requires the Help of God.p. 254
      6. Wherein the Pharisee Sinned When He Thanked God; To God’s Grace Must Be Added the Exertion of Our Own Will.p. 255
      7. Four Questions on the Perfection of Righteousness: (1.) Whether a Man Can Be Without Sin in This Life.p. 256
      8. (2) Whether There is in This World a Man Without Sin.p. 258
      9. The Beginning of Renewal; Resurrection Called Regeneration; They are the Sons of God Who Lead Lives Suitable to Newness of Life.p. 259
      10. Perfection, When to Be Realized.p. 261
      11. An Objection of the Pelagians: Why Does Not a Righteous Man Beget a Righteous Man?p. 262
      12. He Reconciles Some Passages of Scripture.p. 263
      13. A Subterfuge of the Pelagians.p. 264
      14. Job Was Not Without Sin.p. 265
      15. Carnal Generation Condemned on Account of Original Sin.p. 267
      16. Job Foresaw that Christ Would Come to Suffer; The Way of Humility in Those that are Perfect.p. 268
      17. No One Righteous in All Things.p. 269
      18. Perfect Human Righteousness is Imperfect.p. 270
      19. Zacharias and Elisabeth, Sinners.p. 271
      20. Paul Worthy to Be the Prince of the Apostles, and Yet a Sinner.p. 272
      21. All Righteous Men Sinners.p. 274
      22. An Objection of the Pelagians; Perfection is Relative; He is Rightly Said to Be Perfect in Righteousness Who Has Made Much Progress Therein.p. 275
      23. Why God Prescribes What He Knows Cannot Be Observed.p. 277
      24. An Objection of the Pelagians. The Apostle Paul Was Not Free From Sin So Long as He Lived.p. 278
      25. God Punishes Both in Wrath and in Mercy.p. 280
      26. (3)Why No One in This Life is Without Sin.p. 281
      27. The Divine Remedy for Pride.p. 282
      28. A Good Will Comes from God.p. 283
      29. A Subterfuge of the Pelagians.p. 284
      30. All Will is Either Good, and Then It Loves Righteousness, or Evil, When It Does Not Love Righteousness.p. 285
      31. Grace is Given to Some Men in Mercy; Is Withheld from Others in Justice and Truth.p. 286
      32. God’s Sovereignity in His Grace.p. 287
      33. Through Grace We Have Both the Knowledge of Good, and the Delight Which It Affords.p. 288
      34. (4) That No Man, with the Exception of Christ, Has Ever Lived, or Can Live Without Sin.p. 290
      35. Adam and Eve; Obedience Most Strongly Enjoined by God on Man.p. 291
      36. Man’s State Before the Fall.p. 293
      37. The Corruption of Nature is by Sin, Its Renovation is by Christ.p. 295
      38. What Benefit Has Been Conferred on Us by the Incarnation of the Word; Christ’s Birth in the Flesh, Wherein It is Like and Wherein Unlike Our Own Birth.p. 296
      39. An Objection of Pelagians.p. 298
      40. An Argument Anticipated.p. 299
      41. Children of Believers are Called ‘Clean’ By the Apostle.p. 300
      42. Sanctification Manifold; Sacrament of Catechumens.p. 301
      43. Why the Children of the Baptized Should Be Baptized.p. 303
      44. An Objection of the Pelagians.p. 304
      45. The Law of Sin is Called Sin; How Concupiscence Still Remains After Its Evil Has Been Removed in the Baptized.p. 305
      46. Guilt May Be Taken Away But Concupiscence Remain.p. 306
      47. All the Predestinated are Saved Through the One Mediator Christ, and by One and the Same Faith.p. 307
      48. Christ the Saviour Even of Infants; Christ, When an Infant, Was Free from Ignorance and Mental Weakness.p. 308
      49. An Objection of the Pelagians.p. 309
      50. Why It is that Death Itself is Not Abolished, Along with Sin, by Baptism.p. 310
      51. Why the Devil is Said to Hold the Power and Dominion of Death.p. 312
      52. Why Christ, After His Resurrection, Withdrew His Presence from the World.p. 313
      53. An Objection of the Pelagians.p. 314
      54. Why Punishment is Still Inflicted, After Sin Has Been Forgiven.p. 315
      55. To Recover the Righteousness Which Had Been Lost by Sin, Man Has to Struggle, with Abundant Labour and Sorrow.p. 316
      56. The Case of David, in Illustration.p. 317
      57. Turn to Neither Hand.p. 318
      58. 'Likeness of Sinful Flesh' Implies the Reality.p. 319
      59. Whether the Soul is Propagated; On Obscure Points, Concerning Which the Scriptures Give Us No Assistance, We Must Be on Our Guard Against Forming Hasty Judgments and Opinions; The Scriptures are Clear Enough on Those Subjects Which are Necessary to Salvation.p. 320
    5. Book IIIp. 321
      1. Pelagius Esteemed a Holy Man; His Expositions on Saint Paul.p. 322
      2. Pelagius’ Objection; Infants Reckoned Among the Number of Believers and the Faithful.p. 323
      3. Pelagius Makes God Unjust.p. 324
      4. Chapter 4p. 325
      5. Pelagius Praised by Some; Arguments Against Original Sin Proposed by Pelagius in His Commentary.p. 326
      6. Why Pelagius Does Not Speak in His Own Person.p. 327
      7. Proof of Original Sin in Infants.p. 328
      8. Jesus is the Saviour Even of Infants.p. 329
      9. The Ambiguity of 'Adam is the Figure of Him to Come.'p. 330
      10. He Shows that Cyprian Had Not Doubted the Original Sin of Infants.p. 331
      11. The Ancients Assumed Original Sin.p. 333
      12. The Universal Consensus Respecting Original Sin.p. 334
      13. The Error of Jovinianus Did Not Extend So Far.p. 336
      14. The Opinions of All Controversialists Whatever are Not, However, Canonical Authority; Original Sin, How Another’s; We Were All One Man in Adam.p. 338
      15. We All Sinned Adam’s Sin.p. 339
      16. Origin of Errors; A Simile Sought from the Foreskin of the Circumcised, and from the Chaff of Wheat.p. 340
      17. Christians Do Not Always Beget Christian, Nor the Pure, Pure Children.p. 341
      18. Is the Soul Derived by Natural Propagation?p. 343
      19. Sin and Death in Adam, Righteousness and Life in Christ.p. 344
      20. The Sting of Death, What?p. 345
      21. The Precept About Touching the Menstruous Woman Not to Be Figuratively Understood; The Necessity of the Sacraments.p. 347
      22. We Ought to Be Anxious to Secure the Baptism of Infants.p. 349
      23. Epilogue.p. 350
  11. A Treatise on the Spirit and the Letter.p. 351
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations.p. 352
    2. Argument.p. 353
    3. The Occasion of Writing This Work; A Thing May Be Capable of Being Done, and Yet May Never Be Done.p. 354
    4. The Examples Apposite.p. 355
    5. Theirs is Comparatively a Harmless Error, Who Say that a Man Lives Here Without Sin.p. 356
    6. Theirs is a Much More Serious Error, Requiring a Very Vigorous Refutation, Who Deny God’s Grace to Be Necessary.p. 357
    7. True Grace is the Gift of the Holy Ghost, Which Kindles in the Soul the Joy and Love of Goodness.p. 358
    8. The Teaching of Law Without the Life-Giving Spirit is 'The Letter that Killeth.'p. 359
    9. What is Proposed to Be Here Treated.p. 360
    10. Romans Interprets Corinthians.p. 361
    11. Through the Law Sin Has Abounded.p. 362
    12. Christ the True Healer.p. 363
    13. From What Fountain Good Works Flow.p. 364
    14. Paul, Whence So Called; Bravely Contends for Grace.p. 365
    15. Keeping the Law; The Jews’ Glorying; The Fear of Punishment; The Circumcision of the Heart.p. 366
    16. In What Respect the Pelagians Acknowledge God as the Author of Our Justification.p. 368
    17. The Righteousness of God Manifested by the Law and the Prophets.p. 369
    18. How the Law Was Not Made for a Righteous Man.p. 371
    19. The Exclusion of Boasting.p. 373
    20. Piety is Wisdom; That is Called the Righteousness of God, Which He Produces.p. 374
    21. The Knowledge of God Through the Creation.p. 376
    22. The Law Without Grace.p. 378
    23. The Law of Works and the Law of Faith.p. 379
    24. No Man Justified by Works.p. 381
    25. How the Decalogue Kills, If Grace Be Not Present.p. 383
    26. The Passage in Corinthians.p. 384
    27. The Passage in Romans.p. 386
    28. No Fruit Good Except It Grow from the Root of Love.p. 387
    29. Grace, Concealed in the Old Testament, is Revealed in the New.p. 388
    30. Why the Holy Ghost is Called the Finger of God.p. 389
    31. A Comparison of the Law of Moses and of the New Law.p. 390
    32. The New Law Written Within.p. 391
    33. The Old Law Ministers Death; The New, Righteousness.p. 392
    34. The Christian Faith Touching the Assistance of Grace.p. 394
    35. The Prophecy of Jeremiah Concerning the New Testament.p. 395
    36. The Law; Grace.p. 396
    37. The Old Law; The New Law.p. 397
    38. The Law Written in Our Hearts.p. 398
    39. The Eternal Reward.p. 399
    40. The Re-Formation Which is Now Being Effected, Compared with the Perfection of the Life to Come.p. 400
    41. The Eternal Reward Which is Specially Declared in the New Testament, Foretold by the Prophet.p. 401
    42. How that is to Be the Reward of All; The Apostle Earnestly Defends Grace.p. 402
    43. The Law Written in the Heart, and the Reward of the Eternal Contemplation of God, Belong to the New Covenant; Who Among the Saints are the Least and the Greatest.p. 404
    44. Difference Between the Old and the New Testaments.p. 406
    45. A Question Touching the Passage in the Apostle About the Gentiles Who are Said to Do by Nature the Law’s Commands, Which They are Also Said to Have Written on Their Hearts.p. 408
    46. The Answer Is, that the Passage Must Be Understood of the Faithful of the New Covenant.p. 409
    47. It is Not by Their Works, But by Grace, that the Doers of the Law are Justified; God’s Saints and God’s Name Hallowed in Different Senses.p. 411
    48. How the Passage of the Law Agrees with that of the Prophet.p. 413
    49. The Law ‘Being Done by Nature’ Means, Done by Nature as Restored by Grace.p. 415
    50. The Image of God is Not Wholly Blotted Out in These Unbelievers; Venial Sins.p. 416
    51. The Grace Promised by the Prophet for the New Covenant.p. 418
    52. Righteousness is the Gift of God.p. 419
    53. Faith the Ground of All Righteousness.p. 421
    54. Grace Establishes Free Will.p. 422
    55. Volition and Ability.p. 423
    56. Whether Faith Be in a Man’s Own Power.p. 424
    57. What Faith is Laudable.p. 426
    58. The Faith of Those Who are Under the Law Different from the Faith of Others.p. 427
    59. Whence Comes the Will to Believe?p. 430
    60. The Free Will of Man is an Intermediate Power.p. 431
    61. Mercy and Pity in the Judgment of God.p. 433
    62. The Will to Believe is from God.p. 435
    63. Conclusion of the Work.p. 436
    64. He Returns to the Question Which Marcellinus Had Proposed to Him.p. 437
    65. An Objection.p. 439
    66. When the Commandment to Love is Fulfilled.p. 440
    67. In What Sense a Sinless Righteousness in This Life Can Be Asserted.p. 442
    68. Although Perfect Righteousness Be Not Found Here on Earth, It is Still Not Impossible.p. 444
  12. A Treatise on Nature and Grace.p. 446
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations.p. 447
    2. Note on the Following Work.p. 448
    3. Argument.p. 450
    4. The Occasion of Publishing This Work; What God’s Righteousness is.p. 451
    5. Faith in Christ Not Necessary to Salvation, If a Man Without It Can Lead a Righteous Life.p. 452
    6. Nature Was Created Sound and Whole; It Was Afterwards Corrupted by Sin.p. 453
    7. Free Grace.p. 454
    8. It Was a Matter of Justice that All Should Be Condemned.p. 455
    9. The Pelagians Have Very Strong and Active Minds.p. 456
    10. He Proceeds to Confute the Work of Pelagius; He Refrains as Yet from Mentioning Pelagius’ Name.p. 457
    11. A Distinction Drawn by Pelagius Between the Possible and Actual.p. 458
    12. Even They Who Were Not Able to Be Justified are Condemned.p. 459
    13. He Could Not Be Justified, Who Had Not Heard of the Name of Christ; Rendering the Cross of Christ of None Effect.p. 460
    14. Grace Subtly Acknowledged by Pelagius.p. 461
    15. In Our Discussions About Grace, We Do Not Speak of that Which Relates to the Constitution of Our Nature, But to Its Restoration.p. 462
    16. The Scope and Purpose of the Law’s Threatenings; 'Perfect Wayfarers.'p. 463
    17. Refutation of Pelagius.p. 464
    18. Not Everything [of Doctrinal Truth] is Written in Scripture in So Many Words.p. 465
    19. Pelagius Corrupts a Passage of the Apostle James by Adding a Note of Interrogation.p. 466
    20. Explanation of This Text Continued.p. 467
    21. Who May Be Said to Be in the Flesh.p. 468
    22. Sins of Ignorance; To Whom Wisdom is Given by God on Their Requesting It.p. 469
    23. What Prayer Pelagius Would Admit to Be Necessary.p. 470
    24. Pelagius Denies that Human Nature Has Been Depraved or Corrupted by Sin.p. 471
    25. How Our Nature Could Be Vitiated by Sin, Even Though It Be Not a Substance.p. 472
    26. Adam Delivered by the Mercy of Christ.p. 473
    27. Sin and the Penalty of Sin the Same.p. 474
    28. God Forsakes Only Those Who Deserve to Be Forsaken. We are Sufficient of Ourselves to Commit Sin; But Not to Return to the Way of Righteousness. Death is the Punishment, Not the Cause of Sin.p. 476
    29. Christ Died of His Own Power and Choice.p. 478
    30. Even Evils, Through God’s Mercy, are of Use.p. 479
    31. The Disposition of Nearly All Who Go Astray. With Some Heretics Our Business Ought Not to Be Disputation, But Prayer.p. 480
    32. A Simile to Show that God’s Grace is Necessary for Doing Any Good Work Whatever. God Never Forsakes the Justified Man If He Be Not Himself Forsaken.p. 481
    33. Sin is Removed by Sin.p. 482
    34. The Order and Process of Healing Our Heavenly Physician Does Not Adopt from the Sick Patient, But Derives from Himself. What Cause the Righteous Have for Fearing.p. 483
    35. God Forsakes Us to Some Extent that We May Not Grow Proud.p. 484
    36. Not Every Sin is Pride. How Pride is the Commencement of Every Sin.p. 485
    37. A Man’s Sin is His Own, But He Needs Grace for His Cure.p. 486
    38. Why God Does Not Immediately Cure Pride Itself. The Secret and Insidious Growth of Pride. Preventing and Subsequent Grace.p. 487
    39. Pride Even in Such Things as are Done Aright Must Be Avoided. Free Will is Not Taken Away When Grace is Preached.p. 488
    40. Being Wholly Without Sin Does Not Put Man on an Equality with God.p. 490
    41. We Must Not Lie, Even for the Sake of Moderation. The Praise of Humility Must Not Be Placed to the Account of Falsehood.p. 491
    42. Pelagius Glorifies God as Creator at the Expense of God as Saviour.p. 492
    43. Why There is a Record in Scripture of Certain Men’s Sins, Recklessness in Sin Accounts It to Be So Much Loss Whenever It Falls Short in Gratifying Lust.p. 493
    44. Whether Holy Men Have Died Without Sin.p. 494
    45. The Blessed Virgin Mary May Have Lived Without Sin. None of the Saints Besides Her Without Sin.p. 495
    46. Why Scripture Has Not Mentioned the Sins of All.p. 496
    47. Pelagius Argues that Abel Was Sinless.p. 497
    48. Why Cain Has Been by Some Thought to Have Had Children by His Mother Eve. The Sins of Righteous Men. Who Can Be Both Righteous, and Yet Not Without Sin.p. 498
    49. Shall We Follow Scripture, or Add to Its Declarations?p. 500
    50. For What Pelagius Thought that Christ is Necessary to Us.p. 501
    51. How the Term ‘All’ Is to Be Understood.p. 502
    52. A Man Can Be Sinless, But Only by the Help of Grace. In the Saints This Possibility Advances and Keeps Pace with the Realization.p. 503
    53. God Commands No Impossibilities.p. 504
    54. State of the Question Between the Pelagians and the Catholics. Holy Men of Old Saved by the Self-Same Faith in Christ Which We Exercise.p. 505
    55. The Whole Discussion is About Grace.p. 506
    56. Pelagius Distinguishes Between a Power and Its Use.p. 507
    57. There is No Incompatibility Between Necessity and Free Will.p. 508
    58. The Same Continued.p. 509
    59. The Assistance of Grace in a Perfect Nature.p. 510
    60. It Does Not Detract from God’s Almighty Power, that He is Incapable of Either Sinning, or Dying, or Destroying Himself.p. 511
    61. Even Pious and God-Fearing Men Resist Grace.p. 512
    62. In What Sense Pelagius Attributed to God’s Grace the Capacity of Not Sinning.p. 513
    63. Pelagius Admits ‘Contrary Flesh’ In the Unbaptized.p. 514
    64. Paul Asserts that the Flesh is Contrary Even in the Baptized.p. 515
    65. Concerning What Grace of God is Here Under Discussion. The Ungodly Man, When Dying, is Not Delivered from Concupiscence.p. 516
    66. Does God Create Contraries?p. 517
    67. Pelagius’ Admission as Regards the Unbaptized, Fatal.p. 518
    68. 'This Body of Death,' So Called from Its Defect, Not from Its Substance.p. 519
    69. The Works, Not the Substance, of the 'Flesh' Opposed to the 'Spirit.'p. 520
    70. Who May Be Said to Be Under the Law.p. 521
    71. Despite the Devil, Man May, by God’s Help, Be Perfected.p. 522
    72. Pelagius Puts Nature in the Place of Grace.p. 523
    73. Whether Any Man is Without Sin in This Life.p. 524
    74. Augustin Replies Against the Quotations Which Pelagius Had Advanced Out of the Catholic Writers. Lactantius.p. 525
    75. Hilary. The Pure in Heart Blessed. The Doing and Perfecting of Righteousness.p. 526
    76. He Meets Pelagius with Another Passage from Hilary.p. 527
    77. Ambrose.p. 528
    78. Augustin Adduces in Reply Some Other Passages of Ambrose.p. 529
    79. John of Constantinople.p. 530
    80. Xystus.p. 531
    81. Jerome.p. 532
    82. A Certain Necessity of Sinning.p. 533
    83. Augustin Himself. Two Methods Whereby Sins, Like Diseases, are Guarded Against.p. 534
    84. Augustin Quotes Himself on Free Will.p. 535
    85. How to Exhort Men to Faith, Repentance, and Advancement.p. 537
    86. God Enjoins No Impossibility, Because All Things are Possible and Easy to Love.p. 538
    87. The Degrees of Love are Also Degrees of Holiness.p. 540
  13. A Treatise Concerning Man’s Perfection in Righteousness.p. 541
    1. Title Page.p. 541
    2. Preface to the Treatise on Man’s Perfection in Righteousness.p. 542
    3. Argument.p. 545
    4. Introduction.p. 546
    5. The First Breviate of Cœlestius.p. 547
    6. The Second Breviate.p. 548
    7. The Third Breviate.p. 549
    8. The Fourth Breviate.p. 550
    9. The Fifth Breviate.p. 551
    10. The Sixth Breviate.p. 552
    11. The Seventh Breviate.p. 553
    12. The Eighth Breviate.p. 554
    13. The Ninth Breviate.p. 555
    14. The Tenth Breviate.p. 556
    15. The Eleventh Breviate.p. 557
    16. The Twelfth Breviate.p. 559
    17. The Thirteenth Breviate.p. 560
    18. The Fourteenth Breviate.p. 561
    19. The Fifteenth Breviate.p. 562
    20. The Sixteenth Breviate.p. 563
    21. It is One Thing to Depart from the Body, Another Thing to Be Liberated from the Body of This Death.p. 564
    22. The Righteousness of This Life Comprehended in Three Parts,—Fasting, Almsgiving, and Prayer.p. 565
    23. The Commandment of Love Shall Be Perfectly Fulfilled in the Life to Come.p. 567
    24. Who May Be Said to Walk Without Spot; Damnable and Venial Sins.p. 569
    25. To Whom God’s Commandments are Grievous; And to Whom, Not. Why Scripture Says that God’s Commandments are Not Grievous; A Commandment is a Proof of the Freedom Of Man’s Will; Prayer is a Proof of Grace.p. 571
    26. Passages to Show that God’s Commandments are Not Grievous.p. 573
    27. Passages of Scripture Which, When Objected Against Him by the Catholics, Cœlestius Endeavours to Elude by Other Passages: the First Passage.p. 575
    28. To Be Without Sin, and to Be Without Blame—How Differing.p. 576
    29. Section 25p. 577
    30. Why Job Was So Great a Sufferer.p. 578
    31. Who May Be Said to Keep the Ways of the Lord; What It is to Decline and Depart from the Ways of the Lord.p. 579
    32. When Our Heart May Be Said Not to Reproach Us; When Good is to Be Perfected.p. 580
    33. The Second Passage. Who May Be Said to Abstain from Every Evil Thing.p. 582
    34. 'Every Man is a Liar,' Owing to Himself Alone; But 'Every Man is True,' By Help Only of the Grace of God.p. 583
    35. The Third Passage. It is One Thing to Depart, and Another Thing to Have Departed, from All Sin. ‘There is None that Doeth Good,’—Of Whom This is to Be Understood.p. 584
    36. The Fourth Passage. In What Sense God Only is Good. With God to Be Good and to Be Himself are the Same Thing.p. 586
    37. The Fifth Passage.p. 588
    38. The Opposing Passages.p. 589
    39. The Church Will Be Without Spot and Wrinkle After the Resurrection.p. 590
    40. The Difference Between the Upright in Heart and the Clean in Heart.p. 591
    41. The Sixth Passage.p. 592
    42. The Seventh Passage. Who May Be Called Immaculate. How It is that in God’s Sight No Man is Justified.p. 593
    43. The Eighth Passage. In What Sense He is Said Not to Sin Who is Born of God. In What Way He Who Sins Shall Not See Nor Know God.p. 595
    44. The Ninth Passage.p. 597
    45. Specimens of Pelagian Exegesis.p. 599
    46. God’s Promises Conditional. Saints of the Old Testament Were Saved by the Grace of Christ.p. 601
    47. No Man is Assisted Unless He Does Himself Also Work. Our Course is a Constant Progress.p. 602
    48. Conclusion of the Work. In the Regenerate It is Not Concupiscence, But Consent, Which is Sin.p. 603
  14. A Work on the Proceedings of Pelagius.p. 605
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations.p. 606
    2. Preface to the Book on the Proceedings of Pelagius.p. 607
    3. Argument.p. 609
    4. Introduction.p. 610
    5. The First Item in the Accusation, and Pelagius’ Answer.p. 611
    6. Discussion of Pelagius’ First Answer.p. 612
    7. The Same Continued.p. 613
    8. The Second Item in the Accusation; And Pelagius’ Answer.p. 614
    9. Pelagius’ Answer Examined.p. 615
    10. The Same Continued.p. 616
    11. The Same Continued.p. 618
    12. The Third Item in the Accusation; And Pelagius’ Answer.p. 619
    13. Pelagius’ Answer Examined. On Origen’s Error Concerning the Non-Eternity of the Punishment of the Devil and the Damned.p. 620
    14. The Same Continued.p. 621
    15. The Fourth Item in the Accusation; And Pelagius’ Answer.p. 623
    16. The Fifth Item of the Accusation; And Pelagius’ Answer.p. 624
    17. Examination of This Point. The Phrase ‘Old Testament’ Used in Two Senses. The Heir of the Old Testament. In the Old Testament There Were Heirs of the New Testament.p. 625
    18. The Same Continued.p. 627
    19. The Sixth Item of the Accusation, and Pelagius’ Reply.p. 628
    20. Examination of the Sixth Charge and Answers.p. 629
    21. The Same Continued.p. 630
    22. The Same Continued.p. 632
    23. The Same Continued. Pelagius Acknowledges the Doctrine of Grace in Deceptive Terms.p. 633
    24. The Same Continued.p. 635
    25. The Same Continued. The Synod Supposed that the Grace Acknowledged by Pelagius Was that Which Was So Thoroughly Known to the Church.p. 636
    26. The Seventh Item of the Accusation: the Breviates of Cœlestius Objected to Pelagius.p. 638
    27. Pelagius’ Answer to the Charges Brought Together Under the Seventh Item.p. 639
    28. The Pelagians Falsely Pretended that the Eastern Churches Were on Their Side.p. 640
    29. The Accusations in the Seventh Item, Which Pelagius Confessed.p. 641
    30. The Eighth Item in the Accusation.p. 642
    31. Pelagius’ Reply to the Eighth Item of Accusation.p. 643
    32. The Ninth Item of the Accusation; And Pelagius’ Reply.p. 644
    33. The Tenth Item in the Accusation. The More Prominent Points of Cœlestius’ Work Continued.p. 645
    34. Remarks on the Tenth Item.p. 646
    35. The Eleventh Item of the Accusation.p. 648
    36. Discussion of the Eleventh Item Continued.p. 650
    37. The Same Continued. On the Works of Unbelievers; Faith is the Initial Principle from Which Good Works Have Their Beginning; Faith is the Gift of God’s Grace.p. 651
    38. The Same Continued.p. 652
    39. The Same Continued. The Monk Pelagius. Grace is Conferred on the Unworthy.p. 653
    40. The Same Continued. John, Bishop of Jerusalem, and His Examination.p. 655
    41. The Same Continued.p. 656
    42. The Same Continued. Heros and Lazarus; Orosius.p. 657
    43. The Same Continued.p. 658
    44. Augustin Indulgently Shows that the Judges Acted Incautiously in Their Official Conduct of the Case of Pelagius.p. 659
    45. The Twelfth Item in the Accusation. Other Heads of Cœlestius’ Doctrine Abjured by Pelagius.p. 660
    46. The Answer of the Monk Pelagius and His Profession of Faith.p. 661
    47. The Acquittal of Pelagius.p. 662
    48. Pelagius’ Acquittal Becomes Suspected.p. 663
    49. How Pelagius Became Known to Augustin; Cœlestius Condemned at Carthage.p. 664
    50. Pelagius’ Book, Which Was Sent by Timasius and Jacobus to Augustin, Was Answered by the Latter in His Work 'On Nature and Grace.'p. 665
    51. A Letter Written by Timasius and Jacobus to Augustin on Receiving His Treatise 'On Nature and Grace.'p. 666
    52. Pelagius’ Behaviour Contrasted with that of the Writers of the Letter.p. 667
    53. Pelagius Has No Good Reason to Be Annoyed If His Name Be at Last Used in the Controversy, and He Be Expressly Refuted.p. 668
    54. The Nature of Augustin’s Letter to Pelagius.p. 669
    55. The Text of the Letter.p. 670
    56. Pelagius’ Use of Recommendations.p. 671
    57. On the Letter of Pelagius, in Which He Boasts that His Errors Had Been Approved by Fourteen Bishops.p. 672
    58. Pelagius’ Letter Discussed.p. 674
    59. Is Pelagius Sincere?p. 676
    60. Fraudulent Practices Pursued by Pelagius in His Report of the Proceedings in Palestine, in the Paper Wherein He Defended Himself to Augustin.p. 677
    61. The Same Continued.p. 679
    62. Although Pelagius Was Acquitted, His Heresy Was Condemned.p. 681
    63. The Synod’s Condemnation of His Doctrines.p. 682
    64. History of the Pelagian Heresy. The Pelagian Heresy Was Raised by Sundry Persons Who Affected the Monastic State.p. 683
    65. The History Continued. Cœlestius Condemned at Carthage by Episcopal Judgment. Pelagius Acquitted by Bishops in Palestine, in Consequence of His Deceptive Answers; But Yet His Heresy Was Condemned by Them.p. 684
    66. The Same Continued. The Dogmas of Cœlestius Laid to the Charge of Pelagius, as His Master, and Condemned.p. 686
    67. How the Bishops Cleared Pelagius of Those Charges.p. 687
    68. Recapitulation of What Pelagius Condemned.p. 688
    69. The Harsh Measures of the Pelagians Against the Holy Monks and Nuns Who Belonged to Jerome’s Charge.p. 690
  15. A Treatise on the Grace of Christ, and on Original Sin.p. 691
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations.p. 692
    2. On the Grace of Christ.p. 693
      1. Introductory.p. 694
      2. Suspicious Character of Pelagius’ Confession as to the Necessity of Grace for Every Single Act of Ours.p. 695
      3. Grace According to the Pelagians.p. 696
      4. Pelagius’ System of Faculties.p. 697
      5. Pelagius’ Own Account of the Faculties, Quoted.p. 698
      6. Pelagius and Paul of Different Opinions.p. 699
      7. Pelagius Posits God’s Aid Only for Our 'Capacity.'p. 700
      8. Grace, According to the Pelagians, Consists in the Internal and Manifold Illumination of the Mind.p. 701
      9. The Law One Thing, Grace Another. The Utility of the Law.p. 702
      10. What Purpose the Law Subserves.p. 704
      11. Pelagius’ Definition of How God Helps Us: 'He Promises Us Future Glory.'p. 705
      12. The Same Continued: 'He Reveals Wisdom.'p. 707
      13. Grace Causes Us to Do.p. 708
      14. The Righteousness Which is of God, and the Righteousness Which is of the Law.p. 709
      15. He Who Has Been Taught by Grace Actually Comes to Christ.p. 711
      16. We Need Divine Aid in the Use of Our Powers. Illustration from Sight.p. 712
      17. Does Pelagius Designedly Refrain from Openly Saying that All Good Action is from God?p. 713
      18. He Discovers the Reason of Pelagius’ Hesitation So to Say.p. 714
      19. The Two Roots of Action, Love and Cupidity; And Each Brings Forth Its Own Fruit.p. 715
      20. How a Man Makes a Good or a Bad Tree.p. 716
      21. Love the Root of All Good Things; Cupidity, of All Evil Ones.p. 717
      22. Love is a Good Will.p. 718
      23. Pelagius’ Double Dealing Concerning the Ground of the Conferrence of Grace.p. 719
      24. Pelagius Places Free Will at the Basis of All Turning to God for Grace.p. 720
      25. God by His Wonderful Power Works in Our Hearts Good Dispositions of Our Will.p. 722
      26. The Pelagian Grace of ‘Capacity’ Exploded. The Scripture Teaches the Need of God’s Help in Doing, Speaking, and Thinking, Alike.p. 723
      27. What True Grace Is, and Wherefore Given. Merits Do Not Precede Grace.p. 725
      28. Pelagius Teaches that Satan May Be Resisted Without the Help of the Grace of God.p. 726
      29. When He Speaks of God’s Help, He Means It Only to Help Us Do What Without It We Still Could Do.p. 727
      30. What Pelagius Thinks is Needful for Ease of Performance is Really Necessary for the Performance.p. 728
      31. Pelagius and Cœlestius Nowhere Really Acknowledge Grace.p. 729
      32. Why the Pelagians Deemed Prayers to Be Necessary. The Letter Which Pelagius Despatched to Pope Innocent with an Exposition of His Belief.p. 730
      33. Pelagius Professes Nothing on the Subject of Grace Which May Not Be Understood of the Law and Teaching.p. 731
      34. Pelagius Says that Grace is Given According to Men’s Merits. The Beginning, However, of Merit is Faith; And This is a Gratuitous Gift, Not a Recompense for Our Merits.p. 732
      35. Pelagius Believes that Infants Have No Sin to Be Remitted in Baptism.p. 734
      36. Cœlestius Openly Declares Infants to Have No Original Sin.p. 735
      37. Pelagius Nowhere Admits the Need of Divine Help for Will and Action.p. 736
      38. A Definition of the Grace of Christ by Pelagius.p. 737
      39. A Letter of Pelagius Unknown to Augustin.p. 738
      40. The Help of Grace Placed by Pelagius in the Mere Revelation of Teaching.p. 739
      41. Restoration of Nature Understood by Pelagius as Forgiveness of Sins.p. 740
      42. Grace Placed by Pelagius in the Remission of Sins and the Example of Christ.p. 741
      43. The Forgiveness of Sins and Example of Christ Held by Pelagius Enough to Save the Most Hardened Sinner.p. 742
      44. Pelagius Once More Guards Himself Against the Necessity of Grace.p. 743
      45. To What Purpose Pelagius Thought Prayers Ought to Be Offered.p. 744
      46. Pelagius Professes to Respect the Catholic Authors.p. 745
      47. Ambrose Most Highly Praised by Pelagius.p. 746
      48. Ambrose is Not in Agreement with Pelagius.p. 747
      49. Ambrose Teaches with What Eye Christ Turned and Looked Upon Peter.p. 748
      50. Ambrose Teaches that All Men Need God’s Help.p. 749
      51. Ambrose Teaches that It is God that Does for Man What Pelagius Attributes to Free Will.p. 750
      52. If Pelagius Agrees with Ambrose, Augustin Has No Controversy with Him.p. 751
      53. In What Sense Some Men May Be Said to Live Without Sin in the Present Life.p. 752
      54. Ambrose Teaches that No One is Sinless in This World.p. 753
      55. Ambrose Witnesses that Perfect Purity is Impossible to Human Nature.p. 754
    3. On Original Sin.p. 755
      1. Caution Needed in Attending to Pelagius’ Deliverances on Infant Baptism.p. 756
      2. Cœlestius, on His Trial at Carthage, Refuses to Condemn His Error; The Written Statement Which He Gave to Zosimus.p. 757
      3. Part of the Proceedings of the Council of Carthage Against Cœlestius.p. 758
      4. Cœlestius Concedes Baptism for Infants, Without Affirming Original Sin.p. 760
      5. Cœlestius’ Book Which Was Produced in the Proceedings at Rome.p. 761
      6. Cœlestius the Disciple is In This Work Bolder Than His Master.p. 762
      7. Pope Zosimus Kindly Excuses Him.p. 763
      8. Cœlestius Condemned by Zosimus.p. 764
      9. Pelagius Deceived the Council in Palestine, But Was Unable to Deceive the Church at Rome.p. 765
      10. The Judgment of Innocent Respecting the Proceedings in Palestine.p. 766
      11. How that Pelagius Deceived the Synod of Palestine.p. 767
      12. A Portion of the Proceedings of the Synod of Palestine in the Cause of Pelagius.p. 768
      13. Cœlestius the Bolder Heretic; Pelagius the More Subtle.p. 769
      14. He Shows That, Even After the Synod of Palestine, Pelagius Held the Same Opinions as Cœlestius on the Subject of Original Sin.p. 770
      15. Pelagius by His Mendacity and Deception Stole His Acquittal from the Synod in Palestine.p. 771
      16. Pelagius’ Fraudulent and Crafty Excuses.p. 772
      17. How Pelagius Deceived His Judges.p. 773
      18. The Condemnation of Pelagius.p. 774
      19. Pelagius’ Attempt to Deceive the Apostolic See; He Inverts the Bearings of the Controversy.p. 775
      20. Pelagius Provides a Refuge for His Falsehood in Ambiguous Subterfuges.p. 776
      21. Pelagius Avoids the Question as to Why Baptism is Necessary for Infants.p. 777
      22. Another Instance of Pelagius’ Ambiguity.p. 778
      23. What He Means by Our Birth to an ‘Uncertain’ Life.p. 779
      24. Pelagius’ Long Residence at Rome.p. 780
      25. The Condemnation of Pelagius and Cœlestius.p. 781
      26. The Pelagians Maintain that Raising Questions About Original Sin Does Not Endanger the Faith.p. 782
      27. On Questions Outside the Faith—What They Are, and Instances of the Same.p. 784
      28. The Heresy of Pelagius and Cœlestius Aims at the Very Foundations of Our Faith.p. 785
      29. The Righteous Men Who Lived in the Time of the Law Were for All that Not Under the Law, But Under Grace. The Grace of the New Testament Hidden Under the Old.p. 786
      30. Pelagius and Cœlestius Deny that the Ancient Saints Were Saved by Christ.p. 788
      31. Christ’s Incarnation Was of Avail to the Fathers, Even Though It Had Not Yet Happened.p. 789
      32. He Shows by the Example of Abraham that the Ancient Saints Believed in the Incarnation of Christ.p. 790
      33. How Christ is Our Mediator.p. 791
      34. No Man Ever Saved Save by Christ.p. 792
      35. Why the Circumcision of Infants Was Enjoined Under Pain of So Great a Punishment.p. 793
      36. The Platonists’ Opinion About the Existence of the Soul Previous to the Body Rejected.p. 794
      37. In What Sense Christ is Called 'Sin.'p. 795
      38. Original Sin Does Not Render Marriage Evil.p. 796
      39. Three Things Good and Laudable in Matrimony.p. 797
      40. Marriage Existed Before Sin Was Committed. How God’s Blessing Operated in Our First Parents.p. 799
      41. Lust and Travail Come from Sin. Whence Our Members Became a Cause of Shame.p. 800
      42. The Evil of Lust Ought Not to Be Ascribed to Marriage. The Three Good Results of the Nuptial Ordinance: Offspring, Chastity, and the Sacramental Union.p. 801
      43. Human Offspring, Even Previous to Birth, Under Condemnation at the Very Root. Uses of Matrimony Undertaken for Mere Pleasure Not Without Venial Fault.p. 802
      44. Even the Children of the Regenerate Born in Sin. The Effect of Baptism.p. 803
      45. Man’s Deliverance Suited to the Character of His Captivity.p. 804
      46. Difficulty of Believing Original Sin. Man’s Vice is a Beast’s Nature.p. 805
      47. Sentences from Ambrose in Favour of Original Sin.p. 806
      48. Pelagius Rightly Condemned and Really Opposed by Ambrose.p. 807
  16. On Marriage and Concupiscence.p. 808
    1. Retractations.p. 809
    2. Advertisement to the Reader on the Following Treatise.p. 810
    3. A Letter Addressed to the Count Valerius.p. 812
    4. On Marriage and Concupiscencep. 814
      1. Concerning the Argument of This Treatise.p. 815
      2. Why This Treatise Was Addressed to Valerius.p. 816
      3. Conjugal Chastity the Gift of God.p. 817
      4. A Difficulty as Regards the Chastity of Unbelievers. None But a Believer is Truly a Chaste Man.p. 818
      5. The Natural Good of Marriage. All Society Naturally Repudiates a Fraudulent Companion. What is True Conjugal Purity? No True Virginity and Chastity Except in Devotion to True Faith.p. 819
      6. The Censuring of Lust is Not a Condemnation of Marriage; Whence Comes Shame in the Human Body. Adam and Eve Were Not Created Blind; Meaning of Their 'Eyes Being Opened.'p. 821
      7. Man’s Disobedience Justly Requited in the Rebellion of His Own Flesh; The Blush of Shame for the Disobedient Members of the Body.p. 823
      8. The Evil of Lust Does Not Take Away the Good of Marriage.p. 824
      9. This Disease of Concupiscence in Marriage is Not to Be a Matter of Will, But of Necessity; What Ought to Be the Will of Believers in the Use of Matrimony; Who is to Be Regarded as Using, and Not Succumbing To, the Evil of Concupiscence; How the Holy Fathers of the Old Testament Formerly Used Wives.p. 825
      10. Why It Was Sometimes Permitted that a Man Should Have Several Wives, Yet No Woman Was Ever Allowed to Have More Than One Husband. Nature Prefers Singleness in Her Dominations.p. 826
      11. The Sacrament of Marriage; Marriage Indissoluble; The World’s Law About Divorce Different from the Gospel’s.p. 827
      12. Marriage Does Not Cancel a Mutual Vow of Continence; There Was True Wedlock Between Mary and Joseph; In What Way Joseph Was the Father of Christ.p. 829
      13. In the Marriage of Mary and Joseph There Were All the Blessings of the Wedded State; All that is Born of Concubinage is Sinful Flesh.p. 831
      14. Before Christ It Was a Time for Marrying; Since Christ It Has Been a Time for Continence.p. 832
      15. The Teaching of the Apostle on This Subject.p. 833
      16. A Certain Degree of Intemperance is to Be Tolerated in the Case of Married Persons; The Use of Matrimony for the Mere Pleasure of Lust is Not Without Sin, But Because of the Nuptial Relation the Sin is Venial.p. 834
      17. What is Sinless in the Use of Matrimony? What is Attended With Venial Sin, and What with Mortal?p. 836
      18. Continence Better Than Marriage; But Marriage Better Than Fornication.p. 837
      19. Blessing of Matrimony.p. 838
      20. Why Children of Wrath are Born of Holy Matrimony.p. 839
      21. Thus Sinners are Born of Righteous Parents, Even as Wild Olives Spring from the Olive.p. 841
      22. Even Infants, When Unbaptized, are in the Power of the Devil; Exorcism in the Case of Infants, and Renunciation of the Devil.p. 842
      23. Sin Has Not Arisen Out of the Goodness of Marriage; The Sacrament of Matrimony a Great One in the Case of Christ and the Church—A Very Small One in the Case of a Man and His Wife.p. 843
      24. Lust and Shame Come from Sin; The Law of Sin; The Shamelessness of the Cynics.p. 844
      25. Concupiscence in the Regenerate Without Consent is Not Sin; In What Sense Concupiscence is Called Sin.p. 845
      26. Whatever is Born Through Concupiscence is Not Undeservedly in Subjection to the Devil by Reason of Sin; The Devil Deserves Heavier Punishment Than Men.p. 846
      27. Through Lust Original Sin is Transmitted; Venial Sins in Married Persons; Concupiscence of the Flesh, the Daughter and Mother of Sin.p. 847
      28. Concupiscence Remains After Baptism, Just as Languor Does After Recovery from Disease; Concupiscence is Diminished in Persons of Advancing Years, and Increased in the Incontinent.p. 848
      29. How Concupiscence Remains in the Baptized in Act, When It Has Passed Away as to Its Guilt.p. 849
      30. The Evil Desires of Concupiscence; We Ought to Wish that They May Not Be.p. 850
      31. Who is the Man that Can Say, ‘It is No More I that Do It’?p. 851
      32. When Good Will Be Perfectly Done.p. 852
      33. True Freedom Comes with Willing Delight in God’s Law.p. 853
      34. How Concupiscence Made a Captive of the Apostle; What the Law of Sin Was to the Apostle.p. 854
      35. The Flesh, Carnal Affection.p. 855
      36. Even Now While We Still Have Concupiscence We May Be Safe in Christ.p. 857
      37. The Law of Sin with Its Guilt in Unbaptized Infants. By Adam’s Sin the Human Race Has Become a 'Wild Olive Tree.'p. 858
      38. To Baptism Must Be Referred All Remission of Sins, and the Complete Healing of the Resurrection. Daily Cleansing.p. 859
      39. By the Holiness of Baptism, Not Sins Only, But All Evils Whatsoever, Have to Be Removed. The Church is Not Yet Free from All Stain.p. 860
      40. Refutation of the Pelagians by the Authority of St. Ambrose, Whom They Quote to Show that the Desire of the Flesh is a Natural Good.p. 861
    5. Book IIp. 862
      1. Preliminary Notes on the Second Book.p. 862
      2. Introductory Statement.p. 864
      3. In This and the Four Next Chapters He Adduces the Garbled Extracts He Has to Consider.p. 865
      4. The Same Continued.p. 866
      5. The Same Continued.p. 867
      6. The Same Continued.p. 868
      7. The Same Continued.p. 869
      8. Augustin Adduces a Passage Selected from the Preface of Julianus. (See ‘The Unfinished Work,’ i. 73.)p. 870
      9. Augustin Refutes the Passage Adduced Above.p. 871
      10. The Catholics Maintain the Doctrine of Original Sin, and Thus are Far from Being Manicheans.p. 872
      11. In What Manner the Adversary’s Cavils Must Be Refuted.p. 874
      12. The Devil the Author, Not of Nature, But Only of Sin.p. 875
      13. Eve’s Name Means Life, and is a Great Sacrament of the Church.p. 876
      14. The Pelagian Argument to Show that the Devil Has No Rights in the Fruits of Marriage.p. 878
      15. Concupiscence Alone, in Marriage, is Not of God.p. 879
      16. Man, by Birth, is Placed Under the Dominion of the Devil Through Sin; We Were All One in Adam When He Sinned.p. 880
      17. It is Not of Us, But Our Sins, that the Devil is the Author.p. 882
      18. The Pelagians are Not Ashamed to Eulogize Concupiscence, Although They are Ashamed to Mention Its Name.p. 883
      19. The Same Continued.p. 884
      20. The Pelagians Misunderstand ‘Seed’ In Scripture.p. 885
      21. Original Sin is Derived from the Faulty Condition of Human Seed.p. 886
      22. It is the Good God That Gives Fruitfulness, and the Devil That Corrupts the Fruit.p. 887
      23. Shall We Be Ashamed of What We Do, or of What God Does?p. 888
      24. The Pelagians Affirm that God in the Case of Abraham and Sarah Aroused Concupiscence as a Gift from Heaven.p. 889
      25. What Covenant of God the New-Born Babe Breaks. What Was the Value of Circumcision.p. 890
      26. Augustin Not the Deviser of Original Sin.p. 892
      27. The Child in No Sense Formed by Concupiscence.p. 893
      28. The Pelagians Argue that God Sometimes Closes the Womb in Anger, and Opens It When Appeased.p. 894
      29. Augustin’s Answer to This Argument. Its Dealing with Scripture.p. 896
      30. The Same Continued. Augustin Also Asserts that God Forms Man at Birth.p. 897
      31. The Case of Abimelech and His House Examined.p. 898
      32. Why God Proceeds to Create Human Beings, Who He Knows Will Be Born in Sin.p. 899
      33. God Not the Author of the Evil in Those Whom He Creates.p. 900
      34. Though God Makes Us, We Perish Unless He Re-makes Us in Christ.p. 901
      35. The Pelagians Argue that Cohabitation Rightly Used is a Good, and What is Born from It is Good.p. 902
      36. He Answers the Arguments of Julianus. What is the Natural Use of the Woman? What is the Unnatural Use?p. 904
      37. God Made Nature Good: the Saviour Restores It When Corrupted.p. 905
      38. If There is No Marriage Without Cohabitation, So There is No Cohabitation Without Shame.p. 906
      39. Jovinian Used Formerly to Call Catholics Manicheans; The Arians Also Used to Call Catholics Sabellians.p. 907
      40. Man Born of Whatever Parentage is Sinful and Capable of Redemption.p. 908
      41. Augustin Declines the Dilemma Offered Him.p. 909
      42. The Pelagians Argue that Original Sin Cannot Come Through Marriage If Marriage is Good.p. 910
      43. The Pelagians Try to Get Rid of Original Sin by Their Praise of God’s Works; Marriage, in Its Nature and by Its Institution, is Not the Cause of Sin.p. 911
      44. The Good Tree in the Gospel that Cannot Bring Forth Evil Fruit, Does Not Mean Marriage.p. 913
      45. The Pelagians Argue that If Sin Comes by Birth, All Married People Deserve Condemnation.p. 914
      46. Answer to This Argument: The Apostle Says We All Sinned in One.p. 915
      47. The Reign of Death, What It Is; The Figure of the Future Adam; How All Men are Justified Through Christ.p. 916
      48. The Scriptures Repeatedly Teach Us that All Sin in One.p. 918
      49. Original Sin Arose from Adam’s Depraved Will. Whence the Corrupt Will Sprang.p. 919
      50. In Infants Nature is of God, and the Corruption of Nature of the Devil.p. 920
      51. The Rise and Origin of Evil. The Exorcism and Exsufflation of Infants, a Primitive Christian Rite.p. 921
      52. To Call Those that Teach Original Sin Manicheans is to Accuse Ambrose, Cyprian, and the Whole Church.p. 923
      53. Sin Was the Origin of All Shameful Concupiscence.p. 924
      54. Concupiscence Need Not Have Been Necessary for Fruitfulness.p. 925
      55. How Marriage is Now Different Since the Existence of Sin.p. 927
      56. Lust is a Disease; The Word ‘Passion’ In the Ecclesiastical Sense.p. 928
      57. The Pelagians Allow that Christ Died Even for Infants; Julianus Slays Himself with His Own Sword.p. 929
      58. The Great Sin of the First Man.p. 931
      59. Adam’s Sin is Derived from Him to Every One Who is Born Even of Regenerate Parents; The Example of the Olive Tree and the Wild Olive.p. 932
      60. The Pelagians Can Hardly Venture to Place Concupiscence in Paradise Before the Commission of Sin.p. 933
      61. Let Not the Pelagians Indulge Themselves in a Cruel Defence of Infants.p. 935
  17. A Treatise on the Soul and its Origin.p. 936
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations.p. 937
    2. Advertisement to the Reader on the Following Treatise.p. 938
    3. Treatise on the Soul and Its Originp. 940
      1. Renatus Had Done Him a Kindness by Sending Him the Books Which Had Been Addressed to Him.p. 941
      2. He Receives with a Kindly and Patient Feeling the Books of a Young and Inexperienced Man Who Wrote Against Him in a Tone of Arrogance. Vincentius Victor Converted from the Sect of the Rogatians.p. 942
      3. The Eloquence of Vincentius, Its Dangers and Its Tolerableness.p. 943
      4. The Errors Contained in the Books of Vincentius Victor. He Says that the Soul Comes from God, But Was Not Made Either Out of Nothing or Out of Any Created Thing.p. 944
      5. Another of Victor’s Errors, that the Soul is Corporeal.p. 945
      6. Another Error Out of His Second Book, to the Effect, that the Soul Deserved to Be Polluted by the Body.p. 946
      7. Victor Entangles Himself in an Exceedingly Difficult Question. God’s Foreknowledge is No Cause of Sin.p. 947
      8. Victor’s Erroneous Opinion, that the Soul Deserved to Become Sinful.p. 948
      9. Victor Utterly Unable to Explain How the Sinless Soul Deserved to Be Made Sinful.p. 949
      10. Another Error of Victor’s, that Infants Dying Unbaptized May Attain to the Kingdom of Heaven. Another, that the Sacrifice of the Body of Christ Must Be Offered for Infants Who Die Before They are Baptized.p. 951
      11. Martyrdom for Christ Supplies the Place of Baptism. The Faith of the Thief Who Was Crucified Along with Christ Taken as Martyrdom and Hence for Baptism.p. 952
      12. Dinocrates, Brother of the Martyr St. Perpetua, is Said to Have Been Delivered from the State of Condemnation by the Prayers of the Saint.p. 954
      13. The Sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ Will Not Avail for Unbaptized Persons, and Can Not Be Offered for the Majority of Those Who Die Unbaptized.p. 955
      14. Victor’s Dilemma: He Must Either Say All Infants are Saved, or Else God Slays the Innocent.p. 956
      15. God Does Not Judge Any One for What He Might Have Done If His Life Had Been Prolonged, But Simply for the Deeds He Actually Commits.p. 957
      16. Difficulty in the Opinion Which Maintains that Souls are Not by Propagation.p. 959
      17. He Shows that the Passages of Scripture Adduced by Victor Do Not Prove that Souls are Made by God in Such a Way as Not to Be Derived by Propagation: First Passage.p. 960
      18. By ‘Breath’ Is Signified Sometimes the Holy Spirit.p. 961
      19. The Meaning of ‘Breath’ In Scripture.p. 963
      20. Other Ways of Taking the Passage.p. 965
      21. The Second Passage Quoted by Victor.p. 966
      22. Victor’s Third Quotation.p. 967
      23. His Fourth Quotation.p. 968
      24. Whether or No the Soul is Derived by Natural Descent (Ex Traduce), His Cited Passages Fail to Show.p. 969
      25. Just as the Mother Knows Not Whence Comes Her Child Within Her, So We Know Not Whence Comes the Soul.p. 970
      26. The Fifth Passage of Scripture Quoted by Victor.p. 972
      27. Augustin Did Not Venture to Define Anything About the Propagation of the Soul.p. 974
      28. A Natural Figure of Speech Must Not Be Literally Pressed.p. 976
      29. The Sixth Passage of Scripture Quoted by Victor.p. 978
      30. The Danger of Arguing from Silence.p. 979
      31. The Argument of the Apollinarians to Prove that Christ Was Without the Human Soul of This Same Sort.p. 980
      32. The Self-Contradiction of Victor as to the Origin of the Soul.p. 981
      33. Augustin Has No Objection to the Opinion About the Propagation of Souls Being Refuted, and that About Their Insufflation Being Maintained.p. 982
      34. The Mistakes Which Must Be Avoided by Those Who Say that Men’s Souls are Not Derived from Their Parents, But are Afresh Inbreathed by God in Every Instance.p. 983
      35. Conclusion.p. 984
    4. Book IIp. 985
      1. Depraved Eloquence an Injurious Accomplishment.p. 986
      2. He Asks What the Great Knowledge is that Victor Imparts.p. 987
      3. The Difference Between the Senses of the Body and Soul.p. 988
      4. To Believe the Soul is a Part of God is Blasphemy.p. 989
      5. In What Sense Created Beings are Out of God.p. 990
      6. Shall God’s Nature Be Mutable, Sinful, Impious, Even Eternally Damned.p. 991
      7. To Think the Soul Corporeal an Error.p. 992
      8. The Thirst of the Rich Man in Hell Does Not Prove the Soul to Be Corporeal.p. 993
      9. How Could the Incorporeal God Breathe Out of Himself a Corporeal Substance?p. 995
      10. Children May Be Found of Like or of Unlike Dispositions with Their Parents.p. 997
      11. Victor Implies that the Soul Had a ‘State’ And ‘Merit’ Before Incarnation.p. 998
      12. How Did the Soul Deserve to Be Incarnated?p. 999
      13. Victor Teaches that God Thwarts His Own Predestination.p. 1000
      14. Victor Sends Those Infants Who Die Unbaptized to Paradise and the Heavenly Mansions, But Not to the Kingdom of Heaven.p. 1002
      15. Victor ‘Decides’ That Oblations Should Be Offered Up for Those Who Die Unbaptized.p. 1004
      16. Victor Promises to the Unbaptized Paradise After Their Death, and the Kingdom of Heaven After Their Resurrection, Although He Admits that This Opposes Christ’s Statement.p. 1005
      17. Disobedient Compassion and Compassionate Disobedience Reprobated. Martyrdom in Lieu of Baptism.p. 1006
      18. Victor’s Dilemma and Fall.p. 1008
      19. Victor Relies on Ambiguous Scriptures.p. 1010
      20. Victor Quotes Scriptures for Their Silence, and Neglects the Biblical Usage.p. 1011
      21. Victor’s Perplexity and Failure.p. 1013
      22. Peter’s Responsibility in the Case of Victor.p. 1014
      23. Who They are that are Not Injured by Reading Injurious Books.p. 1015
    5. Book IIIp. 1017
      1. Augustin’s Purpose in Writing.p. 1018
      2. Why Victor Assumed the Name of Vincentius. The Names of Evil Men Ought Never to Be Assumed by Other Persons.p. 1019
      3. He Enumerates the Errors Which He Desires to Have Amended in the Books of Vincentius Victor. The First Error.p. 1021
      4. Victor’s Simile to Show that God Can Create by Breathing Without Impartation of His Substance.p. 1022
      5. Examination of Victor’s Simile: Does Man Give Out Nothing by Breathing?p. 1023
      6. The Simile Reformed in Accordance with Truth.p. 1024
      7. Victor Apparently Gives the Creative Breath to Man Also.p. 1025
      8. Victor’s Second Error. (See Above in Book I. 26 [XVI.].)p. 1026
      9. His Third Error. (See Above in Book II. 11 [VII.].)p. 1027
      10. His Fourth Error. (See Above in Book I. 6 [VI.] and Book II. 11 [VII.].)p. 1028
      11. His Fifth Error. (See Above in Book I. 8 [VIII.] and Book II. 12 [VIII.].)p. 1029
      12. His Sixth Error. (See Above in Book I. 10-12 [IX., X.], and in Book II. 13, 14 [IX., X.].)p. 1030
      13. His Seventh Error. (See Above in Book II. 13 [IX.].)p. 1032
      14. His Eighth Error. (See Above in Book II. 13 [IX.].)p. 1033
      15. His Ninth Error. (See Above in Book II. 14 [X.].)p. 1034
      16. God Rules Everywhere: and Yet the ‘Kingdom of Heaven’ May Not Be Everywhere.p. 1035
      17. Where the Kingdom of God May Be Understood to Be.p. 1036
      18. His Tenth Error. (See Above in Book I. 13 [XI.] and Book II. 15 [XI.]).p. 1038
      19. His Eleventh Error. (See Above in Book I. 15 [XII.] and Book II. 16.)p. 1039
      20. Augustin Calls on Victor to Correct His Errors. (See Above in Book II. 22 [XVI.].)p. 1041
      21. Augustin Compliments Victor’s Talents and Diligence.p. 1042
      22. A Summary Recapitulation of the Errors of Victor.p. 1043
      23. Obstinacy Makes the Heretic.p. 1044
    6. Book IV.p. 1045
      1. The Personal Character of This Book.p. 1046
      2. The Points Which Victor Thought Blameworthy in Augustin.p. 1047
      3. How Much Do We Know of the Nature of the Body?p. 1048
      4. Is the Question of Breath One that Concerns the Soul, or Body, or What?p. 1050
      5. God Alone Can Teach Whence Souls Come.p. 1051
      6. Questions About the Nature of the Body are Sufficiently Mysterious, and Yet Not Higher Than Those of the Soul.p. 1052
      7. We Often Need More Teaching as to What is Most Intimately Ours Than as to What is Further from Us.p. 1054
      8. We Have No Memory of Our Creation.p. 1055
      9. Our Ignorance of Ourselves Illustrated by the Remarkable Memory of One Simplicius.p. 1056
      10. The Fidelity of Memory; The Unsearchable Treasure of Memory; The Powers of a Man’s Understanding Sufficiently Understood by None.p. 1057
      11. The Apostle Peter Told No Lie, When He Said He Was Ready to Lay Down His Life for the Lord, But Only Was Ignorant of His Will.p. 1058
      12. The Apostle Paul Could Know the Third Heaven and Paradise, But Not Whether He Was in the Body or Not.p. 1059
      13. In What Sense the Holy Ghost is Said to Make Intercession for Us.p. 1060
      14. It is More Excellent to Know That the Flesh Will Rise Again and Live for Evermore, Than to Learn Whatever Scientific Men Have Been Able to Teach Us Concerning Its Nature.p. 1061
      15. We Must Not Be Wise Above What is Written.p. 1062
      16. Ignorance is Better Than Error. Predestination to Eternal Life, and Predestination to Eternal Death.p. 1063
      17. A Twofold Question to Be Treated Concerning the Soul; Is It ‘Body’? and is It ‘Spirit’? What Body is.p. 1064
      18. The First Question, Whether the Soul is Corporeal; Breath and Wind, Nothing Else Than Air in Motion.p. 1065
      19. Whether the Soul is a Spirit.p. 1067
      20. The Body Does Not Receive God’s Image.p. 1068
      21. Recognition and Form Belong to Souls as Well as Bodies.p. 1070
      22. Names Do Not Imply Corporeity.p. 1071
      23. Figurative Speech Must Not Be Taken Literally.p. 1072
      24. Abraham’s Bosom—What It Means.p. 1073
      25. The Disembodied Soul May Think of Itself Under a Bodily Form.p. 1074
      26. St. Perpetua Seemed to Herself, in Some Dreams, to Have Been Turned into a Man, and Then Have Wrestled with a Certain Egyptian.p. 1075
      27. Is the Soul Wounded When the Body is Wounded?p. 1076
      28. Is the Soul Deformed by the Body’s Imperfections?p. 1078
      29. Does the Soul Take the Body’s Clothes Also Away with It?p. 1079
      30. Is Corporeity Necessary for Recognition?p. 1080
      31. Modes of Knowledge in the Soul Distinguished.p. 1081
      32. Inconsistency of Giving the Soul All the Parts of Sex and Yet No Sex.p. 1082
      33. The Phenix After Death Coming to Life Again.p. 1083
      34. Prophetic Visions.p. 1084
      35. Do Angels Appear to Men in Real Bodies?p. 1085
      36. He Passes on to the Second Question About the Soul, Whether It is Called Spirit.p. 1086
      37. Wide and Narrow Sense of the Word 'Spirit.'p. 1088
      38. Victor’s Chief Errors Again Pointed Out.p. 1090
      39. Concluding Admonition.p. 1092
  18. A Treatise Against Two Letters of the Pelagians.p. 1093
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations.p. 1094
    2. Book Ip. 1095
      1. Introduction: Address to Boniface.p. 1096
      2. Why Heretical Writings Must Be Answered.p. 1097
      3. Why He Addresses His Book to Boniface.p. 1098
      4. The Calumny of Julian,—That the Catholics Teach that Free Will is Taken Away by Adam’s Sin.p. 1099
      5. Free Choice Did Not Perish With Adam ’s Sin. What Freedom Did Perish.p. 1100
      6. Grace is Not Given According to Merits.p. 1101
      7. He Concludes that He Does Not Deprive the Wicked of Free Will.p. 1103
      8. The Pelagians Demolish Free Will.p. 1104
      9. Another Calumny of Julian,—That 'It is Said that Marriage is Not Appointed by God.'p. 1105
      10. The Third Calumny,—The Assertion that Conjugal Intercourse is Condemned.p. 1106
      11. The Purpose of the Pelagians in Praising the Innocence of Conjugal Intercourse.p. 1107
      12. The Fourth Calumny,—That the Saints of the Old Testament are Said to Be Not Free from Sins.p. 1108
      13. The Fifth Calumny,—That It is Said that Paul and the Rest of the Apostles Were Polluted by Lust.p. 1109
      14. That the Apostle is Speaking in His Own Person and that of Others Who Are Under Grace, Not Still Under Law.p. 1111
      15. He Sins in Will Who is Only Deterred from Sinning by Fear.p. 1112
      16. How Sin Died, and How It Revived.p. 1113
      17. 'The Law is Spiritual, But I Am Carnal,' To Be Understood of Paul.p. 1114
      18. How the Apostle Said that He Did the Evil that He Would Not.p. 1115
      19. What It is to Accomplish What is Good.p. 1116
      20. In Me, that Is, in My Flesh.p. 1117
      21. No Condemnation in Christ Jesus.p. 1118
      22. Why the Passage Referred to Must Be Understood of a Man Established Under Grace.p. 1119
      23. What It is to Be Delivered from the Body of This Death.p. 1120
      24. He Concludes that the Apostle Spoke in His Own Person, and that of Those Who are Under Grace.p. 1121
      25. The Sixth Calumny,—That Augustin Asserts that Even Christ Was Not Free from Sins.p. 1122
      26. The Seventh Calumny,—That Augustin Asserts that in Baptism All Sins are Not Remitted.p. 1123
      27. In What Sense Lust is Called Sin in the Regenerate.p. 1124
      28. Many Without Crime, None Without Sin.p. 1125
      29. Julian Opposes the Faith of His Friends to the Opinions of Catholic Believers. First of All, of Free Will.p. 1126
      30. Secondly, of Marriage.p. 1127
      31. Thirdly, of Conjugal Intercourse.p. 1128
      32. The Aprons Which Adam and Eve Wore.p. 1129
      33. The Shame of Nakedness.p. 1130
      34. Whether There Could Be Sensual Appetite in Paradise Before the Fall.p. 1131
      35. Desire in Paradise Was Either None at All, or It Was Obedient to the Impulse of the Will.p. 1132
      36. Julian’s Fourth Objection, that Man is God’s Work, and is Not Constrained to Evil or Good by His Power.p. 1133
      37. The Beginning of a Good Will is the Gift of Grace.p. 1134
      38. The Power of God’s Grace is Proved.p. 1136
      39. Julian’s Fifth Objection Concerning the Saints of the Old Testament.p. 1138
      40. The Sixth Objection, Concerning the Necessity of Grace for All, and Concerning the Baptism of Infants.p. 1139
      41. The Seventh Objection, of the Effect of Baptism.p. 1140
      42. He Rebuts the Conclusion of Julian’s Letter.p. 1141
    3. Book IIp. 1142
      1. Introduction; The Pelagians Impeach Catholics as Manicheans.p. 1143
      2. The Heresies of the Manicheans and Pelagians are Mutually Opposed, and are Alike Reprobated by the Catholic Church.p. 1144
      3. How Far the Manicheans and Pelagians are Joined in Error; How Far They are Separated.p. 1145
      4. The Two Contrary Errors.p. 1146
      5. The Calumny of the Pelagians Against the Clergy of the Roman Church.p. 1147
      6. What Was Done in the Case of Cœlestius and Zosimus.p. 1149
      7. He Suggests a Dilemma to Cœlestius.p. 1150
      8. The Catholic Faith Concerning Infants.p. 1151
      9. He Replies to the Calumnies of the Pelagians.p. 1152
      10. Why the Pelagians Falsely Accuse Catholics of Maintaining Fate Under the Name of Grace.p. 1153
      11. The Accusation of Fate is Thrown Back Upon the Adversaries.p. 1155
      12. What is Meant Under the Name of Fate.p. 1157
      13. He Repels the Calumny Concerning the Acceptance of Persons.p. 1158
      14. He Illustrates His Argument by an Example.p. 1160
      15. The Apostle Meets the Question by Leaving It Unsolved.p. 1161
      16. The Pelagians are Refuted by the Case of the Twin Infants Dying, the One After, and the Other Without, the Grace of Baptism.p. 1163
      17. Even the Desire of an Imperfect Good is a Gift of Grace, Otherwise Grace Would Be Given According to Merits.p. 1164
      18. The Desire of Good is God’s Gift.p. 1165
      19. He Interprets the Scriptures Which the Pelagians Make Ill Use of.p. 1167
      20. God’s Agency is Needful Even in Man’s Doings.p. 1168
      21. Man Does No Good Thing Which God Does Not Cause Him to Do.p. 1169
      22. According to Whose Purpose the Elect are Called.p. 1170
      23. Nothing is Commanded to Man Which is Not Given by God.p. 1171
    4. Book III.p. 1172
      1. Statement.p. 1173
      2. The Misrepresentation of the Pelagians Concerning the Use of the Old Law.p. 1174
      3. Scriptural Confirmation of the Catholic Doctrine.p. 1176
      4. Misrepresentation Concerning the Effect of Baptism.p. 1177
      5. Baptism Puts Away All Sins, But It Does Not at Once Heal All Infirmities.p. 1179
      6. The Calumny Concerning the Old Testament and the Righteous Men of Old.p. 1181
      7. The New Testament is More Ancient Than the Old; But It Was Subsequently Revealed.p. 1182
      8. All Righteous Men Before and After Abraham are Children of the Promise and of Grace.p. 1184
      9. Who are the Children of the Old Covenant.p. 1185
      10. The Old Law Also Given by God.p. 1186
      11. Distinction Between the Children of the Old and of the New Testaments.p. 1187
      12. The Old Testament is Properly One Thing—The Old Instrument Another.p. 1188
      13. Why One of the Covenants is Called Old, the Other New.p. 1190
      14. Calumny Concerning the Righteousness of the Prophets and Apostles.p. 1192
      15. The Perfection of Apostles and Prophets.p. 1194
      16. Misrepresentation Concerning Sin in Christ.p. 1195
      17. Their Calumny About the Fulfilment of Precepts in the Life to Come.p. 1196
      18. Perfection of Righteousness and Full Security Was Not Even in Paul in This Life.p. 1198
      19. In What Sense the Righteousness of Man in This Life is Said to Be Perfect.p. 1199
      20. Why the Righteousness Which is of the Law is Valued Slightly by Paul.p. 1201
      21. That Righteousness is Never Perfected in This Life.p. 1203
      22. Nature of Human Righteousness and Perfection.p. 1204
      23. There is No True Righteousness Without the Faith of the Grace of Christ.p. 1206
      24. There are Three Principal Heads in the Pelagian Heresy.p. 1207
      25. He Shows that the Opinion of the Catholics is the Mean Between that of the Manicheans and Pelagians, and Refutes Both.p. 1208
      26. The Pelagians Still Strive After a Hiding-Place, by Introducing the Needless Question of the Origin of the Soul.p. 1210
    5. Book IVp. 1211
      1. The Subterfuges of the Pelagians are Five.p. 1212
      2. The Praise of the Creature.p. 1213
      3. The Catholics Praise Nature, Marriage, Law, Free Will, and the Saints, in Such Wise as to Condemn as Well Pelagians as Manicheans.p. 1215
      4. Pelagians and Manicheans on the Praise of the Creature.p. 1216
      5. What is the Special Advantage in the Pelagian Opinions?p. 1218
      6. Not Death Alone, But Sin Also Has Passed into Us by Means of Adam.p. 1219
      7. What is the Meaning of ‘In Whom All Have Sinned’?p. 1220
      8. Death Passed Upon All by Sin.p. 1221
      9. Of the Praise of Marriage.p. 1222
      10. Of the Praise of the Law.p. 1223
      11. The Pelagians Understand that the Law Itself is God’s Grace.p. 1225
      12. Of the Praise of Free Will.p. 1226
      13. God’s Purposes are Effects of Grace.p. 1227
      14. The Testimonies of Scripture in Favour of Grace.p. 1228
      15. From Such Scriptures Grace is Proved to Be Gratuitous and Effectual.p. 1230
      16. Why God Makes of Some Sheep, Others Not.p. 1232
      17. Of the Praise of the Saints.p. 1234
      18. The Opinion of the Saints Themselves About Themselves.p. 1235
      19. The Craft of the Pelagians.p. 1236
      20. The Testimonies of the Ancients Against the Pelagians.p. 1237
      21. Pelagius, in Imitation of Cyprian, Wrote a Book of Testimonies.p. 1238
      22. Further References to Cyprian.p. 1239
      23. Further References to Cyprian.p. 1240
      24. The Dilemma Proposed to the Pelagians.p. 1242
      25. Cyprian’s Testimonies Concerning God’s Grace.p. 1244
      26. Further Appeals to Cyprian’s Teaching.p. 1246
      27. Cyprian’s Testimonies Concerning the Imperfection of Our Own Righteousness.p. 1247
      28. Cyprian’s Orthodoxy Undoubted.p. 1249
      29. The Testimonies of Ambrose Against the Pelagians and First of All Concerning Original Sin.p. 1251
      30. The Testimonies of Ambrose Concerning God’s Grace.p. 1253
      31. The Testimonies of Ambrose on the Imperfection of Present Righteousness.p. 1255
      32. The Pelagian’s Heresy Arose Long After Ambrose.p. 1258
      33. Opposition of the Manichean and Catholic Dogmas.p. 1259
      34. The Calling Together of a Synod Not Always Necessary to the Condemnation of Heresies.p. 1260
  19. A Treatise on Grace and Free Will.p. 1261
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations.p. 1262
    2. Two Letters Written by Augustin to Valentinus and the Monks of Adrumetum.p. 1263
      1. Letter Ip. 1264
      2. Letter IIp. 1268
    3. Abstract.p. 1272
      1. The Occasion and Argument of This Work.p. 1273
      2. He Proves the Existence of Free Will in Man from the Precepts Addressed to Him by God.p. 1274
      3. Sinners are Convicted When Attempting to Excuse Themselves by Blaming God, Because They Have Free Will.p. 1275
      4. The Divine Commands Which are Most Suited to the Will Itself Illustrate Its Freedom.p. 1276
      5. He Shows that Ignorance Affords No Such Excuse as Shall Free the Offender from Punishment; But that to Sin with Knowledge is a Graver Thing Than to Sin in Ignorance.p. 1278
      6. God’s Grace to Be Maintained Against the Pelagians; The Pelagian Heresy Not an Old One.p. 1280
      7. Grace is Necessary Along with Free Will to Lead a Good Life.p. 1281
      8. Conjugal Chastity is Itself the Gift of God.p. 1282
      9. Entering into Temptation. Prayer is a Proof of Grace.p. 1284
      10. Free Will and God’s Grace are Simultaneously Commended.p. 1285
      11. Other Passages of Scripture Which the Pelagians Abuse.p. 1286
      12. He Proves Out of St. Paul that Grace is Not Given According to Men’s Merits.p. 1287
      13. The Grace of God is Not Given According to Merit, But Itself Makes All Good Desert.p. 1289
      14. Paul First Received Grace that He Might Win the Crown.p. 1290
      15. The Pelagians Profess that the Only Grace Which is Not Given According to Our Merits is that of the Forgiveness of Sins.p. 1291
      16. Paul Fought, But God Gave the Victory: He Ran, But God Showed Mercy.p. 1292
      17. The Faith that He Kept Was the Free Gift of God.p. 1293
      18. Faith Without Good Works is Not Sufficient for Salvation.p. 1294
      19. How is Eternal Life Both a Reward for Service and a Free Gift of Grace?p. 1295
      20. The Question Answered. Justification is Grace Simply and Entirely, Eternal Life is Reward and Grace.p. 1296
      21. Eternal Life is 'Grace for Grace.'p. 1298
      22. Who is the Transgressor of the Law? The Oldness of Its Letter. The Newness of Its Spirit.p. 1300
      23. The Pelagians Maintain that the Law is the Grace of God Which Helps Us Not to Sin.p. 1302
      24. Who May Be Said to Wish to Establish Their Own Righteousness. ‘God’s Righteousness,’ So Called, Which Man Has from God.p. 1303
      25. As The Law is Not, So Neither is Our Nature Itself that Grace by Which We are Christians.p. 1305
      26. The Pelagians Contend that the Grace, Which is Neither the Law Nor Nature, Avails Only to the Remission of Past Sins, But Not to the Avoidance of Future Ones.p. 1306
      27. Grace Effects the Fulfilment of the Law, the Deliverance of Nature, and the Suppression of Sin’s Dominion.p. 1307
      28. Faith is the Gift of God.p. 1308
      29. God is Able to Convert Opposing Wills, and to Take Away from the Heart Its Hardness.p. 1309
      30. The Grace by Which the Stony Heart is Removed is Not Preceded by Good Deserts, But by Evil Ones.p. 1310
      31. Free Will Has Its Function in the Heart’s Conversion; But Grace Too Has Its.p. 1312
      32. In What Sense It is Rightly Said That, If We Like, We May Keep God’s Commandments.p. 1313
      33. A Good Will May Be Small and Weak; An Ample Will, Great Love. Operating and Co-operating Grace.p. 1315
      34. The Apostle’s Eulogy of Love. Correction to Be Administered with Love.p. 1317
      35. Commendations of Love.p. 1319
      36. Love Commended by Our Lord Himself.p. 1320
      37. The Love Which Fulfils the Commandments is Not of Ourselves, But of God.p. 1321
      38. We Would Not Love God Unless He First Loved Us. The Apostles Chose Christ Because They Were Chosen; They Were Not Chosen Because They Chose Christ.p. 1322
      39. The Spirit of Fear a Great Gift of God.p. 1323
      40. The Ignorance of the Pelagians in Maintaining that the Knowledge of the Law Comes from God, But that Love Comes from Ourselves.p. 1324
      41. The Wills of Men are So Much in the Power of God, that He Can Turn Them Whithersoever It Pleases Him.p. 1325
      42. God Does Whatsoever He Wills in the Hearts of Even Wicked Men.p. 1327
      43. God Operates on Men’s Hearts to Incline Their Wills Whithersoever He Pleases.p. 1330
      44. Gratuitous Grace Exemplified in Infants.p. 1331
      45. The Reason Why One Person is Assisted by Grace, and Another is Not Helped, Must Be Referred to the Secret Judgments of God.p. 1333
      46. Understanding and Wisdom Must Be Sought from God.p. 1335
  20. A Treatise on Rebuke and Grace.p. 1336
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations.p. 1337
    2. Argument.p. 1338
    3. Introductory.p. 1339
    4. The Catholic Faith Concerning Law, Grace, and Free Will.p. 1340
    5. What the Grace of God Through Jesus Christ is.p. 1341
    6. The Children of God are Led by the Spirit of God.p. 1342
    7. Rebuke Must Not Be Neglected.p. 1343
    8. Objections to the Use of Rebuke.p. 1344
    9. The Necessity and Advantage of Rebuke.p. 1345
    10. Further Replies to Those Who Object to Rebuke.p. 1346
    11. Why They May Justly Be Rebuked Who Do Not Obey God, Although They Have Not Yet Received the Grace of Obedience.p. 1347
    12. All Perseverance is God’s Gift.p. 1348
    13. They Who Have Not Received the Gift of Perseverance, and Have Relapsed into Mortal Sin and Have Died Therein, Must Righteously Be Condemned.p. 1351
    14. They Who Have Not Received Perseverance are Not Distinguished from the Mass of Those that are Lost.p. 1352
    15. Election is of Grace, Not of Merit.p. 1353
    16. None of the Elect and Predestinated Can Perish.p. 1354
    17. Perseverance is Given to the End.p. 1356
    18. Whosoever Do Not Persevere are Not Distinguished from the Mass of Perdition by Predestination.p. 1357
    19. Why Perseverance Should Be Given to One and Not Another is Inscrutable.p. 1358
    20. Some Instances of God’s Amazing Judgments.p. 1359
    21. God’s Ways Past Finding Out.p. 1360
    22. Some are Children of God According to Grace Temporally Received, Some According to God’s Eternal Foreknowledge.p. 1362
    23. Who May Be Understood as Given to Christ.p. 1364
    24. True Children of God are True Disciples of Christ.p. 1365
    25. Those Who are Called According to the Purpose Alone are Predestinated.p. 1366
    26. Even the Sins of the Elect are Turned by God to Their Advantage.p. 1367
    27. Therefore Rebuke is to Be Used.p. 1369
    28. Whether Adam Received the Gift of Perseverance.p. 1370
    29. The Answer.p. 1371
    30. The First Man Himself Also Might Have Stood by His Free Will.p. 1372
    31. Distinction Between the Grace Given Before and After the Fall.p. 1373
    32. The Incarnation of the Word.p. 1374
    33. The First Man Had Received the Grace Necessary for His Perseverance, But Its Exercise Was Left in His Free Choice.p. 1376
    34. The Gifts of Grace Conferred on Adam in Creation.p. 1377
    35. What is the Difference Between the Ability Not to Sin, to Die, and Forsake Good, and the Inability to Sin, to Die, and to Forsake Good?p. 1378
    36. The Aid Without Which a Thing Does Not Come to Pass, and the Aid with Which a Thing Comes to Pass.p. 1379
    37. There is a Greater Freedom Now in the Saints Than There Was Before in Adam.p. 1380
    38. God Not Only Foreknows that Men Will Be Good, But Himself Makes Them So.p. 1382
    39. To a Sound Will is Committed the Power of Persevering or of Not Persevering.p. 1383
    40. What is the Nature of the Gift of Perseverance that is Now Given to the Saints.p. 1384
    41. The Number of the Predestinated is Certain and Defined.p. 1385
    42. No One is Certain and Secure of His Own Predestination and Salvation.p. 1386
    43. Even in Judgment God’s Mercy Will Be Necessary to Us.p. 1387
    44. The Reprobate are to Be Punished for Merits of a Different Kind.p. 1388
    45. Rebuke and Grace Do Not Set Aside One Another.p. 1389
    46. In What Way God Wills All Men to Be Saved.p. 1390
    47. Scriptural Instances Wherein It is Proved that God Has Men’s Wills More in His Power Than They Themselves Have.p. 1391
    48. Rebuke Must Be Varied According to the Variety of Faults. There is No Punishment in the Church Greater Than Excommunication.p. 1393
    49. Another Interpretation of the Apostolic Passage, Who Will Have All Men to Be Saved.p. 1395
    50. The Purpose of Rebuke.p. 1396
    51. Conclusion.p. 1397
  21. A Treatise on the Predestination of the Saints.p. 1398
    1. Book Ip. 1399
      1. Introduction.p. 1401
      2. To What Extent the Massilians Withdraw from the Pelagians.p. 1402
      3. Even the Beginning of Faith is of God’s Gift.p. 1403
      4. Continuation of the Preceding.p. 1404
      5. To Believe is to Think with Assent.p. 1405
      6. Presumption and Arrogance to Be Avoided.p. 1406
      7. Augustin Confesses that He Had Formerly Been in Error Concerning the Grace of God.p. 1407
      8. What Augustin Wrote to Simplicianus, the Successor of Ambrose, Bishop of Milan.p. 1410
      9. The Purpose of the Apostle in These Words.p. 1412
      10. It is God’s Grace Which Specially Distinguishes One Man from Another.p. 1414
      11. That Some Men are Elected is of God’s Mercy.p. 1416
      12. Why the Apostle Said that We are Justified by Faith and Not by Works.p. 1417
      13. The Effect of Divine Grace.p. 1418
      14. Why the Father Does Not Teach All that They May Come to Christ.p. 1420
      15. It is Believers that are Taught of God.p. 1421
      16. Why the Gift of Faith is Not Given to All.p. 1423
      17. His Argument in His Letter Against Porphyry, as to Why the Gospel Came So Late into the World.p. 1424
      18. The Preceding Argument Applied to the Present Time.p. 1426
      19. In What Respects Predestination and Grace Differ.p. 1427
      20. Did God Promise the Good Works of the Nations and Not Their Faith, to Abraham?p. 1428
      21. It is to Be Wondered at that Men Should Rather Trust to Their Own Weakness Than to God’s Strength.p. 1429
      22. God’s Promise is Sure.p. 1430
      23. Remarkable Illustrations of Grace and Predestination in Infants, and in Christ.p. 1431
      24. That No One is Judged According to What He Would Have Done If He Had Lived Longer.p. 1432
      25. Possibly the Baptized Infants Would Have Repented If They Had Lived, and the Unbaptized Not.p. 1434
      26. Reference to Cyprian’s Treatise 'On the Mortality.'p. 1435
      27. The Book of Wisdom Obtains in the Church the Authority of Canonical Scripture.p. 1437
      28. Cyprian’s Treatise 'On the Mortality.'p. 1438
      29. God’s Dealing Does Not Depend Upon Any Contingent Merits of Men.p. 1439
      30. The Most Illustrious Instance of Predestination is Christ Jesus.p. 1440
      31. Christ Predestinated to Be the Son of God.p. 1441
      32. The Twofold Calling.p. 1443
      33. It is in the Power of Evil Men to Sin; But to Do This or That by Means of that Wickedness is in God’s Power Alone.p. 1444
      34. The Special Calling of the Elect is Not Because They Have Believed, But in Order that They May Believe.p. 1446
      35. Election is for the Purpose of Holiness.p. 1448
      36. God Chose the Righteous; Not Those Whom He Foresaw as Being of Themselves, But Those Whom He Predestinated for the Purpose of Making So.p. 1449
      37. We Were Elected and Predestinated, Not Because We Were Going to Be Holy, But in Order that We Might Be So.p. 1450
      38. What is the View of the Pelagians, and What of the Semi-Pelagians, Concerning Predestination.p. 1451
      39. The Beginning of Faith is God’s Gift.p. 1452
      40. Apostolic Testimony to the Beginning of Faith Being God’s Gift.p. 1453
      41. Further Apostolic Testimonies.p. 1454
      42. Old Testament Testimonies.p. 1455
      43. Conclusion.p. 1457
    2. A Treatise on the Gift of Perseverance.p. 1458
      1. Introductionp. 1459
      2. Of the Nature of the Perseverance Here Discoursed of.p. 1461
      3. Faith is the Beginning of a Christian Man. Martyrdom for Christ’s Sake is His Best Ending.p. 1462
      4. God is Besought for It, Because It is His Gift.p. 1463
      5. Three Leading Points of the Pelagian Doctrine.p. 1464
      6. The Second Petition in the Lord’s Prayer.p. 1466
      7. The Third Petition. How Heaven and Earth are Understood in the Lord’s Prayer.p. 1467
      8. The Fourth Petition.p. 1468
      9. The Fifth Petition. It is an Error of the Pelagians that the Righteous are Free from Sin.p. 1469
      10. When Perseverance is Granted to a Person, He Cannot But Persevere.p. 1470
      11. The Gift of Perseverance Can Be Obtained by Prayer.p. 1471
      12. Effect of Prayer for Perseverance.p. 1472
      13. Of His Own Will a Man Forsakes God, So that He is Deservedly Forsaken of Him.p. 1473
      14. Temptation the Condition of Man.p. 1475
      15. It is God’s Grace Both that Man Comes to Him, and that Man Does Not Depart from Him.p. 1476
      16. Why God Willed that He Should Be Asked for that Which He Might Give Without Prayer.p. 1477
      17. Why is Not Grace Given According to Merit?p. 1478
      18. The Difficulty of the Distinction Made in the Choice of One and the Rejection of Another.p. 1479
      19. But Why Should One Be Punished More Than Another?p. 1480
      20. Why Does God Mingle Those Who Will Persevere with Those Who Will Not?p. 1481
      21. Ambrose on God’s Control Over Men’s Thoughts.p. 1482
      22. Instances of the Unsearchable Judgments of God.p. 1483
      23. It is an Absurdity to Say that the Dead Will Be Judged for Sins Which They Would Have Committed If They Had Lived.p. 1484
      24. Why for the People of Tyre and Sidon, Who Would Have Believed, the Miracles Were Not Done Which Were Done in Other Places Which Did Not Believe.p. 1485
      25. It May Be Objected that The People of Tyre and Sidon Might, If They Had Heard, Have Believed, and Have Subsequently Lapsed from Their Faith.p. 1487
      26. God’s Ways, Both in Mercy and Judgment, Past Finding Out.p. 1488
      27. The Manicheans Do Not Receive All the Books of the Old Testament, and of the New Only Those that They Choose.p. 1489
      28. Reference to the 'Retractations.'p. 1490
      29. God’s Goodness and Righteousness Shown in All.p. 1492
      30. God’s True Grace Could Be Defended Even If There Were No Original Sin, as Pelagius Maintains.p. 1493
      31. Augustin Claims the Right to Grow in Knowledge.p. 1494
      32. Infants are Not Judged According to that Which They are Foreknown as Likely to Do If They Should Live.p. 1495
      33. The Inscrutability of God’s Free Purposes.p. 1496
      34. God Gives Both Initiatory and Persevering Grace According to His Own Will.p. 1497
      35. The Doctrine of Predestination Not Opposed to the Advantage of Preaching.p. 1499
      36. What Predestination is.p. 1500
      37. The Preaching of the Gospel and the Preaching of Predestination the Two Parts of One Message.p. 1502
      38. Ears to Hear are a Willingness to Obey.p. 1503
      39. Against the Preaching of Predestination the Same Objections May Be Alleged as Against Predestination.p. 1505
      40. Prayer and Exhortation.p. 1506
      41. When the Truth Must Be Spoken, When Kept Back.p. 1507
      42. Predestination Defined as Only God’s Disposing of Events in His Foreknowledge.p. 1508
      43. The Adversaries Cannot Deny Predestination to Those Gifts of Grace Which They Themselves Acknowledge, and Their Exhortations are Not Hindered by This Predestination Nevertheless.p. 1510
      44. Further Development of the Foregoing Argument.p. 1511
      45. Exhortation to Wisdom, Though Wisdom is God’s Gift.p. 1513
      46. Exhortation to Other Gifts of God in Like Manner.p. 1515
      47. A Man Who Does Not Persevere Fails by His Own Fault.p. 1516
      48. Predestination is Sometimes Signified Under the Name of Foreknowledge.p. 1517
      49. Practice of Cyprian and Ambrose.p. 1519
      50. Further References to Cyprian and Ambrose.p. 1520
      51. Obedience Not Discouraged by Preaching God’s Gifts.p. 1522
      52. Predestination Must Be Preached.p. 1523
      53. Previous Writings Anticipatively Refuted the Pelagian Heresy.p. 1524
      54. Augustin’s 'Confessions.'p. 1525
      55. Beginning and End of Faith is of God.p. 1526
      56. Testimony of His Previous Writings and Letters.p. 1527
      57. God Gives Means as Well as End.p. 1529
      58. How Predestination Must Be Preached So as Not to Give Offence.p. 1530
      59. The Doctrine to Be Applied with Discrimination.p. 1531
      60. Offence to Be Avoided.p. 1532
      61. The Application to the Church in General.p. 1533
      62. Use of the Third Person Rather Than the Second.p. 1534
      63. Prayer to Be Inculcated, Nevertheless.p. 1535
      64. The Testimony of the Whole Church in Her Prayers.p. 1536
      65. In What Sense the Holy Spirit Solicits for Us, Crying, Abba, Father.p. 1537
      66. The Church’s Prayers Imply the Church’s Faith.p. 1538
      67. Recapitulation and Exhortation.p. 1539
      68. The Most Eminent Instance of Predestination is Christ Jesus.p. 1540
      69. Conclusion.p. 1541
  22. Index of Subjectsp. 1542
  23. Indexesp. 1560
    1. Index of Scripture Referencesp. 1561
    2. Greek Words and Phrasesp. 1570
    3. Hebrew Words and Phrasesp. 1572
    4. Index of Pages of the Print Editionp. 1573
  24. Related Booksp. 1574